Projects by HOK, Arquitectonica and Morphosis have been singled out for criticism in president Trump’s draft executive order for federal buildings, which would outlaw brutalist and deconstructivist styles if it becomes law.
The draft of the Making Federal Buildings Beautiful Again executive order highlights three federal buildings completed in the last 20 years as examples of those with “little aesthetic appeal”.
They are the San Francisco Federal Building completed in 2007 by architecture firm Morphosis, Downtown Miami’s Wilkie D Ferguson Courthouse by Arquitectonica and HOK completed in 2005, and the Austin US Courthouse completed by Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects in 2012.
HOK，Arquitectonica和Morphosis的項目已經在特朗普總統的聯邦建築物行政命令草案中被挑出來進行批評，如果該法案成為法律，它將廢除野蠻主義和解構主義風格。
使聯邦建築物再次變得美麗的行政命令草案著重強調了在過去20年中建成的三座聯邦建築物，作為具有“小美學吸引力”的建築物的示例。
它們是由建築公司Morphosis於2007年完成的舊金山聯邦大樓，由Arquitectonica和HOK於2005年完成的邁阿密市中心的Wilkie D Ferguson法院大樓，以及由Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects於2012年完成的奧斯汀美國法院大樓。
“The federal government has largely stopped building beautiful buildings” “聯邦政府已基本上停止建造漂亮的建築物”
The document states that “serious consideration” should be given to redesigning buildings that don’t meet with requirements, where it would be “feasible and not uneconomical”. It alleges that “the federal government has largely stopped building beautiful buildings that the American people want to look at or work in”.
None of the firms mentioned in the order has so far responded to Dezeen’s requests for comment.
該文件指出，應“認真考慮”重新設計不符合要求的建築物，否則將是“可行且不經濟的”。 它聲稱“聯邦政府已基本上停止建造美國人民想要看或工作的美麗建築物”。
到目前為止，該訂單中提到的任何一家公司都沒有對Dezeen的置評請求做出回應。
Arquitectonica’s Wilkie D Ferguson Courthouse in Miami is also scrutinised in the draft executive order. Photo by Robin Hill 行政命令草案還對Arquitectonica位於邁阿密的Wilkie D Ferguson法院進行了審查。 羅賓·希爾攝
Revealed last week, Trump’s plans for the executive order calls for all federal buildings to be completed in the “classical architectural style”, whether newly built or renovations of existing structures.
The draft states that more recent structures are considered “uninspiring… and even just plain ugly” by the public and forbids those that take cues from the style of two key modern architectural movements, brutalism and deconstructivism.
特朗普在上周公布的行政命令計劃要求所有聯邦建築以“古典建築風格”完成，無論是新建還是現有結構的翻新。
草案指出，公眾認為較新的建築“令人鼓舞……甚至是醜陋的醜陋”，並禁止那些從兩種主要現代建築運動，野蠻主義和解構主義的風格中汲取線索的建築。
Brutalist and deconstructivist styles “fail to satisfy” requirements 野獸派和解構主義風格的“無法滿足”要求
“Architectural designs in the Brutalist and Deconstructivist styles, and the styles derived from them, fail to satisfy these requirements and shall not be used,” the document states.
Brutalism, one of the 20th century’s most controversial architectural styles, is recognisable by its modular and monolithic forms and concrete structures.
該文件指出：“採用野獸派和解構主義風格的建築設計，以及衍生自這些風格的建築設計，無法滿足這些要求，因此不得使用。”
野獸派是20世紀最具爭議的建築風格之一，其模塊化和整體式的形式以及混凝土結構可以使人們認識到。
The style was used by well-known 20th-century architects, like Marcel Breuer and Le Corbusier, and has become celebrated recently. A number of brutalist projects have been granted protected status, while others, like Boston City Hall, have been preserved and renovated.
Deconstructivism grew in the late 1980s out of postmodernism. The work of architects like Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas and Daniel Libeskind is often described as influenced by the style.
這種樣式曾被20世紀的著名建築師（例如Marcel Breuer和Le Corbusier）使用，並且在最近廣受讚譽。 許多野獸派項目已獲得保護地位，而其他項目，例如波士頓市政廳，已被保存和翻新。
解構主義在1980年代後期從後現代主義中興起。 彼得·艾森曼（Peter Eisenman），弗蘭克·蓋里（Frank Gehry），扎哈·哈迪德（Zaha Hadid），雷姆·庫哈斯（Rem Koolhaas）和丹尼爾·裡伯斯金（Daniel Libeskind）等建築師的作品經常被描述為受風格的影響。
Draft order calls for classical architecture 訂單草案要求古典建築
The draft order states that the style is known for “fragmentation, disorder, discontinuity, distortion, skewed geometry, and the appearance of instability”.
Trump’s Making Federal Buildings Beautiful Again order instead calls for classical architecture to be “the preferred and default style”. As defined in the draft, this is architecture derived from the forms and principles of classical Greek and Roman architecture.
“Architectural styles – with special regard for the classical architectural style – that value beauty, respect, regional architecture heritage, and command admiration by the public are the preferred styles for applicable Federal buildings,” the order states.
草案命令指出，該樣式以“碎片，無序，不連續，變形，幾何形狀偏斜和不穩定的外觀”而聞名。
特朗普的《使聯邦建築再次變得美麗》令反而要求古典建築成為“首選的默認樣式”。 如草案中所定義，這是源自古典希臘和羅馬建築形式和原則的建築。
該命令指出：“重視美感，尊重，區域建築遺產和公眾對建築的欣賞的建築風格-特別是古典建築風格-是適用聯邦建築的首選風格。”
Trump’s document also mentions Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects’ Austin Federal Courthouse in Texas. Photo by Billy Hathorn
特朗普的文件還提到了馬克·斯科金·美林Elam Architects在德克薩斯州的奧斯丁聯邦法院。 照片由比利·哈特霍恩（Billy Hathorn）攝影
Approved examples are mostly located in Washington DC and date back to the mid-1800s, such as the neoclassical Treasury Department and Eisenhower Executive Office Building with its French Second Empire architectural style.
Tuscaloosa Federal Courthouse in Alabama, built in 2010 by Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge Architects, and the Lincoln Memorial from 1922 are also highlighted in the order as beautiful buildings.
獲批准的例子大部分位於華盛頓特區，其歷史可以追溯到1800年代中期，例如新古典主義的財政部和具有法國第二帝國建築風格的艾森豪威爾行政辦公大樓。
位於阿拉巴馬州的塔斯卡盧薩聯邦法院大樓，由哈蒙德·比比·魯伯特·安格建築師事務所於2010年建造，以及1922年的林肯紀念堂也按順序突出顯示為美麗的建築。
1962 Guiding Principles would be nullified｜ 1962年指導原則被廢止
“The Founding Fathers attached great importance to Federal architecture,” the draft states. “President George Washington and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson consciously modelled the most important buildings in Washington DC on the classical architecture of democratic Athens and republican Rome.”
“They wanted America’s public buildings to physically symbolise our then-new nation’s self-governing ideals,” it continues. “Washington and Jefferson, both amateur architects, personally oversaw the competitions to design the Capitol Building and the White House.”
If issued, Trump’s order would nullify the 1962 Guiding Principles bill currently applied to federal buildings. These guidelines, written by New York senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan for president John F Kennedy, calls for the “finest contemporary American architectural thought”.
草案指出：“開國元勳非常重視聯邦建築。” “喬治·華盛頓總統和國務卿托馬斯·杰斐遜有意識地以民主雅典和共和黨羅馬的古典建築為華盛頓特區最重要的建築建模。”
它繼續說：“他們希望美國的公共建築在物理上象徵我們當時新國家的自治理想。” “華盛頓和杰斐遜都是業餘建築師，親自監督設計國會大廈和白宮的競賽。”
如果發布，特朗普的命令將使目前適用於聯邦建築物的1962年指導原則法案無效。 由紐約州參議員丹尼爾·帕特里克·莫伊尼漢（Daniel Patrick Moynihan）為總統約翰·肯尼迪（John F Kennedy）撰寫的這些指南要求“最出色的當代美國建築思想”。
“The Guiding Principles implicitly discouraged classical and other designs known for their beauty, and declared that design must flow from the architectural profession’s reigning orthodoxy to the Federal government,” the draft order states.
該命令草案指出：“指導原則隱含地阻止了以美觀而聞名的古典及其他設計，並宣佈設計必須從建築行業的統治性正統觀念流向聯邦政府。”
American Institute of Architects opposes the proposal 美國建築師協會反對該建議
The news of the order has triggered an outcry within the architecture profession, with the American Institute of Architects (AIA) creating an online petition to oppose the plan.
British journalist Phineas Harper, who is the deputy director of the Architecture Foundation, warned that it was the latest example of traditional architecture being used to disguise racist agendas in an opinion column for Dezeen.
The revised Guiding Principles is still in draft form and has not yet been signed by Trump to bring it into effect.
The title of the executive order is a riff off Trump’s campaign slogan Make America Great Again (MAGA) popularised during the 2016 presidential election.
If issued, a committee called the Committee for the Re-Beautification of Federal Architecture would be created to implement the new guidelines.
該訂單的消息引發了建築界的強烈抗議，美國建築師協會（AIA）創建了一份在線請願書，反對該計劃。
英國記者菲尼亞斯·哈珀（Phineas Harper）是建築基金會的副主任，他警告說，這是傳統建築在Dezeen的一個觀點專欄中用來掩蓋種族主義議程的最新例子。
經修訂的《指導原則》仍處於草案形式，尚未由特朗普簽署以使其生效。
行政命令的標題是特朗普在2016年總統大選期間宣傳的競選口號“再次使美國變得偉大”的即興之處。
如果發布，將成立一個名為“聯邦建築美化委員會”的委員會來實施新指南。
