Amiens Cathedral 亞眠大教堂
The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens (French: Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d’Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Amiens. It is situated on a slight ridge overlooking the River Somme in Amiens, the administrative capital of the Picardy region of France, some 120 kilometres (75 miles) north of Paris.
Medieval cathedral builders were trying to maximize the internal dimensions in order to reach for the heavens and bring in more light. In that regard, the Amiens cathedral is the tallest complete cathedral in France, its stone-vaulted nave reaching an internal height of 42.30 metres (138.8 ft) (surpassed only by the incomplete Beauvais Cathedral). It also has the greatest interior volume of any French cathedral, estimated at 200,000 cubic metres (260,000 cu yd). The cathedral was built between 1220 and c. 1270 and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981. Although it has lost most of its original stained glass, Amiens Cathedral is renowned for the quality and quantity of early 13th-century Gothic sculpture in the main west façade and the south transept portal, and a large quantity of polychrome sculpture from later periods inside the building.
Amiens聖母大教堂（法語：BasiliqueCathédraleNotre-Dame d’Amiens），或簡稱亞眠大教堂，是羅馬天主教堂。大教堂是亞眠主教的所在地。它坐落在一個輕微的山脊上，俯瞰法國皮卡第地區的行政首都亞眠，位於巴黎以北120公里（75英里）處。
中世紀的大教堂建造者試圖最大化內部尺寸，以達到天空並帶來更多的光。在這方面，亞眠大教堂是法國最高的完整大教堂，其石拱形的教堂中殿高度為42.30米（138.8英尺）（僅有不完整的博韋大教堂）。它還擁有法國大教堂最大的內部容積，估計為20萬立方米（260,000立方米）。大教堂建於1220年至c年。自1981年以來，它已被列為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產。雖然它已經失去了大部分原有的彩色玻璃，但亞眠大教堂以其主要西立面和南面橫斷面的13世紀早期哥特式雕塑的質量和數量而聞名。門戶，以及大樓內後期的大量彩色雕塑。
Location:Amiens
Country: France
Denomination:Roman Catholic Church
History
Status:Cathedral
Relics held:Alleged head of John the Baptist
Architecture
Functional status:Active
Architect(s):Robert of Luzarches
Thomas and Regnault de Cormont
Style:Gothic
Years built:13th century
Specifications
Length:145 m (476 ft)
Width:70 m (230 ft)
Nave width:14.60 m (47.9 ft)
Height:42.30 m (138.8 ft)
Other dimensions:Façade: NW
Floor area:7,700 square meters
Number of spires 1
Spire height:112.70 m (369.8 ft)
Administration
Diocese: Amiens
Province:Reims
Clergy
Bishop(s):Bishop Jean-Luc Bouilleret
地點：亞眠
國家：法國
宗派：羅馬天主教會
歷史
狀態：大教堂
遺物舉行：據說施洗約翰的頭
建築
功能狀態：有效
建築師：Luzarches的羅伯特
Thomas和Regnault de Cormont
風格：哥特式
建成年份：13世紀
產品規格
長度：145米（476英尺）
寬度：70米（230英尺）
中殿寬度：14.60米（47.9英尺）
高度：42.30米（138.8英尺）
其他尺寸：外牆：NW
建築面積：7,700平方米
尖頂數量1
尖頂高度：112.70米（369.8英尺）
管理
教區：亞眠
省：蘭斯
牧師
主教：Jean-Luc Bouilleret主教
Construction
The lack of documentation concerning the construction of the Gothic cathedral may be in part the result of fires that destroyed the chapter archives in 1218 and again in 1258—a fire that damaged the cathedral itself. Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work on the cathedral in 1220. Robert de Luzarches was the architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258. His son, Renaud de Cormont, acted as the architect until 1288. The chronicle of Corbie gives a completion date for the cathedral of 1266. Finishing works continued, however. Its floors are covered with a number of designs, such as the bent cross (to symbolize Jesus’ triumph over death). The labyrinth was installed in 1288. The cathedral contains the alleged head of John the Baptist, a relic brought from Constantinople by Wallon de Sarton as he was returning from the Fourth Crusade.
The construction of the cathedral at this period can be seen as resulting from a coming together of necessity and opportunity. The destruction of earlier buildings by fire, and failed attempts at rebuilding forced the fairly rapid construction of a building that, consequently, has a good deal of artistic unity. The long and relatively peaceful reign of Louis IX of France brought prosperity to the region, based on thriving agriculture and a booming cloth trade, that made the investment possible. The great cathedrals of Reims and Chartres are roughly contemporary.
Structural defects
The original design of the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed too high to counteract the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting in excessive lateral forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure was only saved when, centuries later, masons placed a second row of more robust flying buttresses that connected lower down on the outer wall. This fix failed to counteract similar issues with the lower wall which began to develop large cracks around the late Middle Ages. This was solved by another patch by the master mason Pierre Tarisel, that consisted of a wrought iron bar chain being installed around the mezzanine level to resist the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was installed red hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled.
施工
缺乏關於哥特式大教堂建設的文件可能部分是由於火災導致1218年的章節檔案被破壞，1258年再次破壞 – 一場大火損壞了大教堂本身。 1220年，主教埃弗拉德·德福伊開始在大教堂工作。羅伯特·德·魯茲克斯直到1228年才成為建築師，隨後是托馬斯·德科莫特直到1258年。他的兒子Renaud de Cormont在1288年擔任建築師.Corbie編年史給出了1266年大教堂的完工日期。然而，整理工作仍在繼續。它的地板上覆蓋著許多設計，例如彎曲的十字架（象徵著耶穌勝過死亡）。迷宮安裝於1288年。大教堂裡有所謂的施洗約翰的頭部，這是當他從第四次十字軍東征回來時由瓦隆德薩頓從君士坦丁堡帶來的遺物。
在這個時期建造大教堂可以看作是必要性和機會的結合。火災對早期建築物的破壞以及重建失敗的嘗試迫使建築物相當快速地建造，因此具有很大的藝術統一性。法國路易九世的長期和相對和平的統治為該地區帶來了繁榮，基於蓬勃發展的農業和蓬勃發展的布料貿易，使投資成為可能。蘭斯和沙特爾的大教堂大致是現代的。
結構缺陷
合唱團周圍的飛拱的原始設計使得它們放置得太高而不能抵消向上推動的天花板拱的力，導致在垂直柱上施加過大的側向力。幾個世紀之後，泥瓦匠將第二排更堅固的飛行扶壁連接在外牆上。這個修復無法抵消類似的問題，下牆開始在中世紀晚期發展出大裂縫。這是由大師梅森皮埃爾·塔里塞爾的另一個補丁解決的，其中包括一個圍繞夾層安裝的鍛鐵條鏈，以抵抗向外推動石柱的力量。鏈條安裝得很紅，很緊，當它冷卻時收緊。
The exterior
The west front of the cathedral, built in a single campaign from 1220 to 1236, shows an unusual degree of artistic unity: its lower tier with three vast deep porches is capped with the gallery of twenty-two over lifesize kings, which stretches across the entire façade beneath the rose window. Above the rose window there is an open arcade, the galerie des sonneurs. Flanking the nave, the two towers were built without close regard to the former design, the south tower being finished in 1366, the north one, reaching higher, in 1406.
The western portals of the cathedral are famous for their elaborate sculpture, featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes. Statues of saints in the portal of the cathedral have been identified as including the locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian, Saint Domitius, Saint Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.
The spire over the central crossing was added between 1529 and 1533. The surface area is 7,700 square meters; the largest in France.
The façade in colour
During the process of laser cleaning in the 1990s, it was discovered that the western façade of the cathedral was originally painted in multiple colours. A technique was perfected to determine the exact make-up of the colours as they were applied in the 13th century. Then, in conjunction with the laboratories of EDF and the expertise of the Society Skertzo, elaborate lighting techniques were developed to project these colours directly on the façade with precision, recreating the polychromatic appearance of the 13th century. When projected on the statues around the portals, the result is a stunning display that brings the figures to life. The projected colors are faint to photograph, but a good quality DSLR camera provides excellent results, as shown below.
The full effect of the colour may be best appreciated by direct viewing, with musical accompaniment, which can be done at the Son et lumière shows which are held on Summer evenings, during the Christmas Fair, and over the New Year.
外觀
大教堂的西面，建於1220年至1236年的單一運動中，顯示了一種不同尋常的藝術統一：它的下層有三個巨大的深廊，上面有二十二個超過生命的國王的畫廊，橫跨玫瑰窗下方的整個立面。在玫瑰窗上方有一個開放式拱廊，galerie des sonneurs。在兩個塔的側面，兩座塔的建造與前一個設計完全不同，南塔在1366年完工，北塔在1406年達到更高。
大教堂的西部門戶以其精緻的雕塑而聞名，其中包括當地重要的聖人畫廊和大型末世景觀。大教堂門戶中的聖徒雕像已被確定為包括當地受尊敬的Saints Victoricus和Gentian，Saint Domitius，Saint Ulphia和Saint Fermin。
中央十字路口的尖頂在1529年至1533年之間增加。表面積為7,700平方米;法國最大的。
外觀顏色
在20世紀90年代的激光清潔過程中，人們發現大教堂的西立面最初是用多種顏色繪製的。完善了一項技術，以確定13世紀應用的顏色的確切構成。然後，與EDF的實驗室和Skertzo協會的專業知識相結合，開發了精心設計的照明技術，將這些顏色直接投射在外立面上，精確地重現了13世紀的多色外觀。當投影在門戶周圍的雕像上時，結果是一個令人驚嘆的顯示，使數字生動。投影的顏色很難拍攝，但優質的數碼單反相機可提供出色的效果，如下圖所示。
通過直接觀看和音樂伴奏可以最好地體現色彩的全部效果，這可以在夏季夜晚，聖誕集市期間和新年期間舉行的Sonetlumière表演中完成。
The interior
Amiens cathedral contains the largest medieval interior in Western Europe, supported by 126 pillars. Both the nave and the chancel are vast but extremely light, with considerable amounts of stained glass surviving, despite the depredations of war.
The ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers’ chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th-century dedication that complements the cathedral’s own very full list of martyrs.
The interior contains works of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral. There are notably baroque paintings of the 17th century, by artists such as Frans II Francken and Laurent de La Hyre.
內飾
亞眠大教堂擁有西歐最大的中世紀內部，有126個支柱。 儘管遭受了戰爭的摧毀，但是中殿和聖殿都是巨大的，但非常輕，有相當數量的彩色玻璃存活。
合唱團周圍的門廊裝飾華麗，彩色雕塑，兩側有許多小教堂。 其中最奢華的是Drapers的小教堂。 佈業是中世紀經濟中最具活力的組成部分，特別是在法國北部，布料商人熱衷於展示他們的財富和公民自豪感。 另一個引人注目的教堂是獻給坎特伯雷的聖托馬斯，這是一個13世紀的奉獻精神，與大教堂自己的完整烈士名單相得益彰。
內部包含自大教堂建成以來的每個時期的藝術作品和裝飾。 17世紀的特色巴洛克風格畫作由Frans II Francken和Laurent de La Hyre等藝術家創作。
FROM:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral
FROM:Amiens Cathedral: Construction Sequence
FROM:Amiens Cathedral
Don’t you think it’s addictive?
Want to know more about the beauty of architecture?
Come and join our members to explore the beauty of architectural design.
覺得看得不過癮嗎？
想要知道更多建築之美嗎？
快來加入我們的會員，一同探索建築設計之美。
The above article is purely for appreciation and sharing purposes, as well as the construction of new technology and the public can be in-depth understanding of the information at the same time there are sources, will be able to query, no use of the document as a commercial transaction, if illegal, please inform the We will immediately remove the site, thank you for cooperation.
以上文章純粹作為欣賞及分享用途，以及將建築新型技術傳遞給與大眾能夠深入了解，同時資料還有來源，將可查詢，絕無使用該文件資料作為商業交易行為，如有違法請務必告知該網站我們將立即處理撤除，謝謝合作。
