The number of new tall buildings planned for London has gone up to 541 thanks to a surge in planning approvals, according to research from New London Architecture.
The New London Architecture (NLA) London Tall Buildings Survey 2018 reports that tall buildings are becoming the new normal for the UK capital.
The annual survey, released this week, recorded a six per cent rise in the number of buildings over 20 storeys planned for the city since last year.
The rate of approvals is up 14 per cent in 2018, despite the number planning applications for tall buildings dropping by four per cent. Only eight tall buildings were refused permission at the planning committee stage, the report reveals.
“The pipeline remains steady”
“This year’s research confirms that tall buildings are now an established component of London’s development programme,” said NLA chairman Peter Murray.
“In spite of the current political uncertainty the pipeline remains steady.”
根據New London Architecture的研究，由於規劃審批的激增，計劃在倫敦的新高層建築數量已增加到541個。
新倫敦建築（NLA）倫敦高層建築調查2018年報導，高層建築正在成為英國首都的新常態。
本週發布的年度調查報告顯示，自去年以來，該市計劃的20層樓的建築數量增加了6％。
儘管高層建築的規劃申請量下降了4％，但2018年的批准率卻上升了14％。 報告顯示，在規劃委員會階段，只有八座高層建築被拒絕許可。
“管道保持穩定”
“今年的研究證實，高層建築現在是倫敦發展計劃的既定組成部分，”NLA主席Peter Murray說。
“儘管當前的政治不確定性，管道仍保持穩定。”
A visualisation shows how some of the 541 tall buildings planned for London will change the skyline. Image by VuCity
可視化顯示了為倫敦規劃的541座高層建築中的一些將如何改變天際線。 圖片來自VuCity
The research reveals that only 25 tall buildings completed in 2018 – just half of the number that were scheduled to. NLA puts this down to skills shortages or problems with financial viability. Over-optimistic timelines were also to blame.
However this is still an increase on the 18 that completed in 201. Due to these pushbacks, up to 76 new tall buildings could complete in 2019, adding to the 360 tall buildings already standing in the city.
The data shows that focus has shifted to the outer rings of London’s 33 boroughs. The majority of tall buildings are still planned for inner-city boroughs, but areas such as Barking and Dagenham, Brent and Ealing have seen a marked increase in the number of tall buildings planned.
Majority of tall buildings planned are residential
One challenge raised by tall buildings is the crisis of affordable housing in London.
Residential accounts for 90 per cent of the tall buildings planned for London. NLA estimates they will deliver 110,000 new homes – nearly twice the mayor’s annual target of 60,000.
該研究顯示，2018年僅完成了25座高層建築 – 僅為預定數量的一半。 NLA將此歸結為技能短缺或財務可行性問題。過度樂觀的時間表也是罪魁禍首。
然而，這仍然是201年完成的18增加。由於這些阻力，2019年可以完成多達76個新的高層建築，增加了已經站在城市的360高層建築。
數據顯示焦點已轉移到倫敦33個行政區的外環。大多數高層建築仍然計劃用於市中心區域，但是Barking和Dagenham，Brent和Ealing等地區的高層建築數量顯著增加。
大多數高層建築都是住宅
高層建築面臨的挑戰之一是倫敦經濟適用房的危機。
住宅佔計劃在倫敦的高層建築的90％。 NLA估計他們將提供110,000套新房 – 幾乎是市長年度目標60,000的兩倍。
This NLA graph shows the tall buildings in the pipeline according to their planning status 該NLA圖表根據其規劃狀態顯示管道中的高層建築
But there is currently no data on how much of that will be affordable, or even owner-occupied and not part of the build-to-rent sector.
“I think the big thing missing and the biggest challenge for residential is provisional affordable housing,” said Kohn Pederson Fox’s design lead John Bushell. “Perhaps we need to start to monitor whether these tall buildings can reasonably provide it.”
Backlash against unaffordable housing developments
Tall buildings have come under particular scrutiny in major cities where the race for height isn’t delivering the kinds of homes that people, particularly those with families, want to live in.
Towers full of high-end, single occupancy apartments being sold off plan to investors fail to meet the needs of most residents.
“There’s a big backlash in New York over the pencil towers and the perception that they’re all privatising the skyline,” said Bushell. “The discussion there is very much now about public benefits.”
但目前還沒有數據顯示其中有多少可以承受，甚至自住，而不是建設租賃部門的一部分。
Kohn Pederson Fox的設計負責人John Bushell說：“我認為缺少的重大事件和住宅面臨的最大挑戰是臨時經濟適用房。” “也許我們需要開始監控這些高層建築是否可以合理地提供它。”
抵制負擔不起的住房開發
高層建築在主要城市受到特別嚴格審查，在這些城市中，高地競賽並沒有提供人們，尤其是有家庭的人們希望居住的房屋。
充滿高端，單人入住的公寓被計劃出售給投資者，無法滿足大多數居民的需求。
“在紐約的鉛筆塔上有一個強烈的反彈，以及他們都在將天際線私有化的看法，”Bushell說。 “現在關於公共利益的討論非常多。”
London has Section 106, which requires developers to strike a deal with local planning authorities about the contribution, such as affordable housing, offered by their buildings. In New York, developers get a 35-year property tax break if they set aside between 25 and 30 per cent of the units they build for low to moderate-income tenants.
But trying to offset cheaper units with higher priced ones can skew the market.
“In trying to achieve the affordable numbers, you’re increasing the value of everything else to pay for this. In fact there’s a huge gap in the middle, it used to be called key worker housing but it’s now almost everyone,” said Bushell.
“There’s a fundamental issue about the provision of affordable and the economics of tall buildings and how that can be done successfully.”
Numbers could pose problems for the environment
These constantly rising numbers raises questions about the sustainability of so many tall buildings in the UK capital.
Tall buildings are generally less sustainable than lower rise structures, with their higher level of energy consumption and their larger carbon footprints. This issue is compounded by their long life.
倫敦有第106節，要求開發商與當地規劃部門就其建築物提供的經濟適用住房等貢獻達成協議。在紐約，開發商可以獲得35年的房產稅減免，如果他們為低收入和中等收入的租戶預留了25％至30％的單位。
但試圖抵消價格較高的廉價單位可能會扭曲市場。
“在努力實現經濟實惠的數字時，你需要增加其他一切的價值才能為此付出代價。事實上，中間存在巨大的差距，它曾經被稱為關鍵工人住房，但現在幾乎每個人都有，”Bushell說。 。
“關於提供負擔得起的和高層建築的經濟性以及如何成功地實現這一目標存在一個根本問題。”
數字可能會給環境帶來問題
這些不斷上升的數字引發了對英國首都如此眾多高層建築可持續性的質疑。
高層建築的可持續性通常低於低層建築，其能耗較高，碳足跡較大。這個問題因其長壽而更加複雜。
This NLA graph shows the number of tall buildings that applied for or gained permission, started or completed construction since 2001
該NLA圖表顯示自2001年以來申請或獲得許可，開始或完工的高層建築數量
“These numbers [in London] don’t register on the world scale in terms of pure height, but pure height is not the most important thing,” said Steve Watts, chairman of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
“There are almost 1,500 building around the world at 200 metres high or more, but nothing that high has ever been demolished.”
Clusters make demolition much harder
The tallest tower ever to be voluntarily demolished was New York’s Singer Building, which was 187 metres high, or 41 storeys.
“Whilst most of these buildings are not going to be that high, it still means that the London skyline is going to be changing irrevocably,” said Watts. “They are more difficult to demolish particularly when they’re clustered together.”
Many of London’s tallest buildings are built in a very small area known as the Eastern Cluster, in the city’s financial district.
Watts warned that if carbon footprints and making efficient use of existing infrastructure weren’t taken into consideration early on, the impact on the environment could be compounded further down the line.
“這些數字[在倫敦]在純度方面沒有在世界範圍內登記，但純粹的高度並不是最重要的，”高層建築和城市人居委員會主席史蒂夫沃茨說。
“全世界有近1500座高200米或更高的建築物，但沒有任何高層建築被拆除過。”
集群使拆遷更加困難
自願拆除的最高塔是紐約的歌手大廈，高187米，或41層。
“雖然這些建築中的大多數都不會那麼高，但仍然意味著倫敦的天際線將不可逆轉地發生變化，”瓦茨說。 “他們更難以拆除，特別是當他們聚集在一起時。”
倫敦許多最高的建築都建在一個非常小的區域，稱為東部集群，位於該市的金融區。
Watts警告說，如果早期沒有考慮碳足跡和有效利用現有基礎設施，那麼對環境的影響可能會進一步加劇。
FROM:https://www.dezeen.com/2019/03/07/nla-london-tall-buildings-survey-2018-architecture-news/
