British Museum 大英博物館

The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, in the United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Its permanent collection numbers some 8 million works, and is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence having been widely sourced during the era of the British Empire, and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. It is the first national public museum in the world.

The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public on 15 January 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) – now the Natural History Museum – in 1881.

In 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all other national museums in the United Kingdom it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.

Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy, most notably in the case of the Parthenon Marbles.

大英博物館位於英國倫敦的布盧姆斯伯里地區,是一個致力於人類歷史,藝術和文化的公共機構。它的永久藏品大約有800萬件作品,是大英帝國時代廣泛採購的最大和最全面的作品之一,記錄了從開始到現在的人類文化故事。這是世界上第一個國家公共博物館。

大英博物館成立於1753年,主要基於愛爾蘭醫生和科學家漢斯·斯隆爵士的收藏。它首先於1759年1月15日在Montagu House開放,在當前建築的現場。它在接下來的兩個半世紀中的擴張主要是由於英國殖民化的擴大,並導致了幾個分支機構的建立,第一個是大英博物館(自然歷史) – 現在是自然歷史博物館 – 於1881年。

1973年,1972年的“英國圖書館法”將圖書館部門與大英博物館分開,但它繼續在同一個閱覽室內建立現已分離的英國圖書館,並在1997年之前建造博物館。該博物館是一個非部門的公共機構贊助由數字,文化,媒體和體育部以及英國所有其他國家博物館收取入場費,但貸款展覽除外。

它對來自其他國家的一些最著名物品的所有權存在爭議,並且仍然是國際爭議的主題,最值得注意的是帕台農神廟大理石。

Established:1753; 266 years ago
Location:Great Russell Street
London, WC1B
United Kingdom
Coordinates:51.5195°N 0.1269°WCoordinates: 51.5195°N 0.1269°W
Collection size:approx. 8 million objects
Visitors:5,906,716 (2017)
Ranked 1st nationally
Chairman:Sir Richard Lambert
Director:Hartwig Fischer
Public transit access:London Underground Goodge Street; Holborn; Tottenham Court Road; Russell Square;
Area:807,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) in
94 galleries

成立:1753; 266年前
地點:Great Russell Street
倫敦,WC1B
英國
坐標:51.5195°N 0.1269°W坐標:51.5195°N 0.1269°W
收藏尺寸:約。 800萬件物品
參觀者:5,906,716(2017)
在全國排名第一
主席:理查德蘭伯特爵士
導演:Hartwig Fischer
公共交通:倫敦地下古德街;霍爾本; 托特納姆法院路; 羅素廣場;
面積:807,000平方英尺(75,000平方米)
94個畫廊





The museum became a construction site as Sir Robert Smirke’s grand neo-classical building gradually arose. The King’s Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851. In spite of dirt and disruption the collections grew, outpacing the new building.

In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows’s expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum of Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal’s great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.

Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.

博物館成為建築工地,因為羅伯特斯米爾克爵士的新古典主義建築逐漸興起。位於東翼底層的國王圖書館於1827年交付,被描述為倫敦最好的房間之一。雖然直到1857年它還沒有完全向公眾開放,但在1851年的大展期間安排了特別的開放。儘管收集了污垢和破壞,但收藏的增長超過了新建築。

1840年,博物館開始參與其首次海外發掘工作,查爾斯·費洛斯(Charles Fellows)對小亞細亞的Xanthos進行遠征,其中包括古代利西亞(Lycia)統治者的墓葬,其中包括Nereid和Payava紀念碑。 1857年,查爾斯·牛頓(Charles Newton)將發現公元前4世紀的Halikarnassos陵墓,這是古代世界七大奇蹟之一。在19世紀40年代和1850年代,博物館支持A.H. Layard和其他人在亞姆魯德和尼尼微等地進行的亞述挖掘工作。策展人特別感興趣的是最終發現Ashurbanipal偉大的楔形文字片庫,這有助於使博物館成為亞述研究的焦點。

托馬斯格倫維爾爵士(1755-1846)是1830年大英博物館的受託人,他組建了一個20,240冊的圖書館,並按照遺囑留給了博物館。這些書於1847年1月以二十一輛馬車運抵。這個大型圖書館唯一的空置空間是一個原本用於手稿的房間,位於前門廳和手稿沙龍之間。書籍一直存在,直到1998年英國圖書館搬到聖潘克拉斯。

The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 columns in the Ionic order 45 ft (14 m) high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in Asia Minor. The pediment over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir Richard Westmacott depicting The Progress of Civilisation, consisting of fifteen allegorical figures, installed in 1852.

The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing (The King’s Library) in 1823–1828, followed by the North Wing in 1833–1838, which originally housed among other galleries a reading room, now the Wellcome Gallery. Work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing (The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery) 1826–1831, with Montagu House demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade, initiated in 1843 and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public. The museum is faced with Portland stone, but the perimeter walls and other parts of the building were built using Haytor granite from Dartmoor in South Devon, transported via the unique Haytor Granite Tramway.

面向Great Russell Street的希臘復興外立面是Sir Robert Smirke的一座獨特建築,其中44根柱子位於45英尺(14米)高的離子順序中,與小亞細亞Priene的Athena Polias神廟密切相關。主入口處的山形牆由理查德·韋斯特馬科特爵士(Sir Richard Westmacott)的雕塑裝飾,描繪了文明進步,由十五個寓言人物組成,於1852年安裝。

1823年至1828年在東翼(國王圖書館)的庭院周圍開始施工,隨後是1833年至1883年的北翼,最初位於其他畫廊的閱覽室,現在是惠康畫廊。 1826年至1831年西翼北部(埃及雕塑畫廊)的工作進展順利,蒙塔古大廈於1842年拆除,為西翼的最後部分(1846年完工)和南翼及其南翼騰出空間。偉大的柱廊,始於1843年,於1847年完工,當時前廳和大樓梯向公眾開放。博物館面向波特蘭石頭,但建築的周邊牆壁和其他部分使用來自南德文郡達特穆爾的Haytor花崗岩建造,通過獨特的Haytor Granite Tramway運輸。

In 1846 Robert Smirke was replaced as the museum’s architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room 1854–1857; at 140 feet (43 m) in diameter it was then the second widest dome in the world, the Pantheon in Rome being slightly wider.

The next major addition was the White Wing 1882–1884 added behind the eastern end of the South Front, the architect being Sir John Taylor.

In 1895, Parliament gave the museum trustees a loan of £200,000 to purchase from the Duke of Bedford all 69 houses which backed onto the museum building in the five surrounding streets – Great Russell Street, Montague Street, Montague Place, Bedford Square and Bloomsbury Street. The trustees planned to demolish these houses and to build around the west, north and east sides of the museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the museum stands. The architect Sir John James Burnet was petitioned to put forward ambitious long-term plans to extend the building on all three sides. Most of the houses in Montague Place were knocked down a few years after the sale. Of this grand plan only the Edward VII galleries in the centre of the North Front were ever constructed, these were built 1906–14 to the design by J.J. Burnet, and opened by King George V and Queen Mary in 1914. They now house the museum’s collections of Prints and Drawings and Oriental Antiquities. There was not enough money to put up more new buildings, and so the houses in the other streets are nearly all still standing.

1846年,羅伯特斯米爾克被他的兄弟悉尼斯米爾克取代為博物館的建築師,他的主要成員是1854-1857圓形閱覽室;它的直徑為140英尺(43米),是世界上第二個最寬的圓頂,羅馬的萬神殿略寬。

下一個主要的增加是在南前線東端加入的白翼1882-1884,建築師是約翰泰勒爵士。

1895年,議會向博物館受託人提供了20萬英鎊的貸款,用於從貝德福德公爵購買所有69棟房屋,這些房屋支撐著五條周圍街道的博物館建築 – 大羅素街,蒙塔古街,蒙塔古廣場,貝德福德廣場和布盧姆斯伯里街。受託人計劃拆除這些房屋,並在博物館的西側,北側和東側建造新的畫廊,這些畫廊將完全填滿博物館所在的街區。建築師約翰·詹姆斯·伯內特爵士被請求提出雄心勃勃的長期計劃,以擴大三面建築。在Montague Place的大多數房屋在出售後幾年被擊倒。在這個宏偉的計劃中,只有位於北前線中心的愛德華七世畫廊才被建造,這些畫廊建於1906年至1984年由J.J.設計。伯內特,由喬治五世國王和瑪麗皇后於1914年開放。他們現在收藏了博物館的印刷品和圖紙以及東方古物。沒有足夠的錢來建造更多的新建築,所以其他街道上的房屋幾乎都還在。

The Duveen Gallery, sited to the west of the Egyptian, Greek & Assyrian sculpture galleries, was designed to house the Elgin Marbles by the American Beaux-Arts architect John Russell Pope. Although completed in 1938, it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years, before reopening in 1962. Other areas damaged during World War II bombing included: in September 1940 two unexploded bombs hit the Edward VII galleries, the King’s Library received a direct hit from a high explosive bomb, incendiaries fell on the dome of the Round Reading Room but did little damage; on the night of 10 to 11 May 1941 several incendiaries fell on the south-west corner of the museum, destroying the book stack and 150,000 books in the courtyard and the galleries around the top of the Great Staircase – this damage was not fully repaired until the early 1960s.

The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court is a covered square at the centre of the British Museum designed by the engineers Buro Happold and the architects Foster and Partners. The Great Court opened in December 2000 and is the largest covered square in Europe. The roof is a glass and steel construction, built by an Austrian steelwork company, with 1,656 uniquely shaped panes of glass. At the centre of the Great Court is the Reading Room vacated by the British Library, its functions now moved to St Pancras. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there.

Today, the British Museum has grown to become one of the largest museums in the world, covering an area of over 92,000 m2 (990,000 sq. ft). In addition to 21,600 m2 (232,000 sq. ft) of on-site storage space, and 9,400 m2 (101,000 sq. ft) of external storage space. Altogether the British Museum showcases on public display less than 1% of its entire collection, approximately 50,000 items. There are nearly one hundred galleries open to the public, representing 2 miles (3.2 km) of exhibition space, although the less popular ones have restricted opening times. However, the lack of a large temporary exhibition space has led to the £135 million World Conservation and Exhibition Centre to provide one and to concentrate all the museum’s conservation facilities into one Conservation Centre. This project was announced in July 2007, with the architects Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners. It was granted planning permission in December 2009 and was completed in time for the Viking exhibition in March 2014.

Blythe House in West Kensington is used by the museum for off-site storage of small and medium-sized artefacts, and Franks House in East London is used for storage and work on the “Early Prehistory” – Palaeolithic and Mesolithic – and some other collections.

Duveen畫廊位於埃及,希臘和亞述雕塑畫廊的西邊,旨在為美國藝術建築師John Russell Pope設置埃爾金大理石。雖然在1938年完成,它在1940年遭到炸彈襲擊並在1962年重新開放之前仍然半被遺棄22年。在第二次世界大戰爆炸期間遭受破壞的其他地區包括:1940年9月,兩枚未爆炸的炸彈襲擊了愛德華七世的畫廊,國王圖書館受到高爆炸彈的直接打擊,燃燒彈落在圓形閱覽室的圓頂上但造成的損失很小;在1941年5月10日至11日的夜晚,幾個燃燒彈落在博物館的西南角,摧毀了書架和院子裡的15萬本書以及大樓梯頂部的畫廊 – 這種損壞直到20世紀60年代初。

女王伊麗莎白二世大法院是大英博物館中心的有蓋廣場,由工程師Buro Happold和建築師Foster and Partners設計。大法院於2000年12月開業,是歐洲最大的有蓋廣場。屋頂採用玻璃和鋼結構,由奧地利鋼鐵公司建造,擁有1,656個獨特形狀的玻璃窗格。在大法院的中心是大英圖書館騰出的閱覽室,其功能現在轉移到聖潘克拉斯。閱覽室向希望在那裡閱讀的任何公眾開放。

如今,大英博物館已發展成為世界上最大的博物館之一,佔地面積超過92,000平方米(990,000平方英尺)。除了21,600平方米(232,000平方英尺)的現場存儲空間和9,400平方米(101,000平方英尺)的外部存儲空間。大英博物館在公開展示中展示的不到其整個系列的1%,大約50,000件。有近百家畫廊向公眾開放,代表2英里(3.2公里)的展覽空間,儘管較不受歡迎的畫廊限制了開放時間。然而,由於缺乏大型臨時展覽空間,導致1.35億英鎊的世界保護和展覽中心提供了一個,並將所有博物館的保護設施集中到一個保護中心。該項目於2007年7月與建築師Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners宣布。它於2009年12月獲得了規劃許可,並於2014年3月及時完成了Viking展覽。

位於西肯辛頓的Blythe House被博物館用於中小型文物的非現場存儲,東倫敦的Franks House用於存儲和工作“早期史前史” – 舊石器時代和中石器時代 – 以及其他一些藏品。

FROM:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum

FROM:The British Museum, London – 4K

FROM:A Short Guide to the British Museum in London

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