Washington Monument 華盛頓紀念碑
Washington Monument ｜ 華盛頓紀念碑
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needle
Type：Monument
Location：National Mall, Washington, D.C., United States
Construction started：1848
Completed：December February 21, 1885
Opening：October 9, 1888
類型: 紀念碑
地點: 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區
施工開始: 1848
竣工時間: 1885年2月21日
開幕時間: 1888年10月9日
The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States. Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world’s tallest predominantly stone structure and the world’s tallest obelisk, standing 554 feet 7 11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013–14) or 555 feet 5 1⁄8 inches (169.294 m) tall according to the National Park Service (measured 1884). It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances. It was the tallest structure in the world from 1884 to 1889, when it was overtaken by the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Construction of the monument began in 1848, and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds, a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society, and the intervention of the American Civil War. Although the stone structure was completed in 1884, internal ironwork, the knoll, and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (46 m) or 27% up, shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source. The original design was by Robert Mills, but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds, proceeding only with a bare obelisk. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7, 1880; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885; and officially opened October 9, 1888.
The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian style stone obelisk with a 500-foot (152.4 m) tall column and a 55-foot (16.8 m) tall pyramidion. Its walls are 15 feet (4.6 m) thick at its base and 1 1⁄2feet (0.46 m) thick at their top. The marble pyramidion has thin walls only 7 inches (18 cm) thick supported by six arches, two between opposite walls that cross at the center of the pyramidion and four smaller corner arches. The top of the pyramidion is a large marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex with inscriptions on all four sides. The lowest 150 feet (45.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the first phase 1848–1854, are composed of a pile of bluestone gneiss rubble stones (not finished stones) held together by a large amount of mortar with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about 1 1⁄4 feet (0.4 m) thick. The upper 350 feet (106.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the second phase 1880–1884, are composed of finished marble surface stones, half of which project into the walls, partially backed by finished granite stones.
The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls, with an elevator in the center, each supported by four iron columns, which do not support the stone structure. The stairs contain fifty sections, most on the north and south walls, with many long landings stretching between them along the east and west walls. These landings allowed many inscribed memorial stones of various materials and sizes to be easily viewed while the stairs were accessible (until 1976), plus one memorial stone between stairs that is difficult to view. The pyramidion has eight observation windows, two per side, and eight red aircraft warning lights, two per side. Two aluminum lightning rods connected via the elevator support columns to ground water protect the monument. The monument’s present foundation is 37 feet (11.3 m) thick, consisting of half of its original bluestone gneiss rubble encased in concrete. At the northeast corner of the foundation, 21 feet (6.4 m) below ground, is the marble cornerstone, including a zinc case filled with memorabilia. Fifty American flags fly 24 hours a day on a large circle of flag poles centered on the monument. In 2001, a temporary screening facility was added to the entrance to prevent a terrorist attack. In 2011, an earthquake slightly damaged the monument, mostly the pyramidion
華盛頓紀念碑是華盛頓特區國家商場上的一個方尖碑, 是為紀念曾經是大陸軍總司令、美國首任總統的喬治·華盛頓而建造的。這座紀念碑幾乎位於反射池和林肯紀念堂的東面, 由大理石、花崗岩和藍石片麻岩製成, 既是世界上最高的石材結構, 也是世界上最高的方尖碑, 高554英尺 7 11⁄32 英寸 (169.046 米) 高, 根據國家大地測量測量 (測量 2013-14) 或555英, 尺 5 1⁄8 英寸 (169.294 米) 高根據國家公園管理局 (測量 1884)。如果所有的人都在行人入口上方測量, 它是世界上最高的巨大柱子。從 1884年到1889年, 它被巴黎的埃菲爾鐵塔超越, 是世界上最高的建築。
紀念碑的建造始于 1848年, 由於缺乏資金、爭奪華盛頓國家紀念碑協會的控制權以及美國內戰的干預, 紀念碑于1854年至1877年停止。雖然石頭結構于1884年完成, 但內部鐵器、小丘和其他最後的裝飾直到1888年才完成。大理石的遮陽差異, 能見度約為150英尺 (46 米) 或 27%, 顯示了建築停止的地方, 後來又從不同的來源恢復了大理石。最初的設計是羅伯特·米爾斯設計的, 但由於缺乏資金, 他不包括他提出的柱廊, 只進行了一個裸露的方尖碑。基石定在 1848年7月4日;1880年8月7日, 第一塊石頭被放置在未完工的樹樁上;頂石設置在 1884年12月6日;已建成的紀念碑于1885年2月21日落成;1888年10月9日正式開業。
華盛頓紀念碑是一個中空的埃及風格的石方尖碑, 有一個500英尺 (152.4 米) 高的柱子和一個55英尺 (16.8 米) 高的金字塔。它的牆壁底部有15英尺 (4.6 米) 厚, 1 1⁄2英尺 (0.46 米) 厚在他們的頂部。大理石金字塔有薄薄的牆壁只有7英寸 (18 釐米) 厚, 由六個拱門支撐, 兩個在對面的牆壁之間交叉在金字塔的中心和四個較小的角落拱門。金字塔的頂部是一個大大理石頂石與一個小鋁金字塔在其頂點與銘文的所有四個方面。在1848-1854年第一階段建造的牆壁最低150英尺 (45.7 米), 由一堆藍石片石 (不是成品石) 組成, 由大量砂漿與大約1面半成品大理石石固定在一起1 1⁄4 英尺 (0.4 米) 厚。在1880年至1884年第二階段建造的高350英尺 (106.7 米) 的牆壁由成品大理石表面的石頭組成, 其中一半投射到牆壁上, 部分由完成的花崗岩石頭支撐。
內部由螺旋的鐵臺階佔領牆壁, 與電梯在中心, 每個由四根鐵專欄支援, 不支援石頭結構。樓梯有50個路段, 大部分位於南北城牆上, 許多長時間的降落沿著東牆和西牆延伸。這些登陸使許多刻有各種材料和大小的紀念石在樓梯可進入時 (直到 1976年) 容易被看到, 再加上樓梯之間難以看到的一塊紀念石。金字塔有8個觀察視窗, 每邊 2個, 每側2個紅色飛機警示燈。兩個鋁避雷針通過電梯支撐柱連接到地下水保護紀念碑。紀念碑目前的地基厚37英尺 (11.3 米), 由一半的原始藍石格雷斯瓦礫包裹在混凝土中。在地基的東北角, 地下21英尺 (6.4 米) 是大理石的基石, 包括一個充滿紀念品的鋅盒。50面美國國旗每天24小時在以紀念碑為中心的一大圈旗杆上飄揚。2001年, 在入口處增加了一個臨時甄別設施, 以防止恐怖襲擊。2 0 1 1年, 一場地震輕微損壞了紀念碑, 大多是金字塔。
Washington Monument
From：◄ Washington Monument, Washington [HD] ►
Official Washington Monument Restoration Time-Lapse
From：EarthCam
Don’t you think it’s addictive?
Want to know more about the beauty of architecture?
Come and join our members to explore the beauty of architectural design.
覺得看得不過癮嗎？
想要知道更多建築之美嗎？
快來加入我們的會員，一同探索建築設計之美。
The above article is purely for appreciation and sharing purposes, as well as the construction of new technology and the public can be in-depth understanding of the information at the same time there are sources, will be able to query, no use of the document as a commercial transaction, if illegal, please inform the We will immediately remove the site, thank you for cooperation.
以上文章純粹作為欣賞及分享用途，以及將建築新型技術傳遞給與大眾能夠深入了解，同時資料還有來源，將可查詢，絕無使用該文件資料作為商業交易行為，如有違法請務必告知該網站我們將立即處理撤除，謝謝合作。
The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States. Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world’s tallest predominantly stone structure and the world’s tallest obelisk, standing 554 feet 7 11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey (measured 2013–14) or 555 feet 5 1⁄8 inches (169.294 m) tall according to the National Park Service (measured 1884). It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances. It was the tallest structure in the world from 1884 to 1889, when it was overtaken by the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Construction of the monument began in 1848, and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds, a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society, and the intervention of the American Civil War. Although the stone structure was completed in 1884, internal ironwork, the knoll, and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (46 m) or 27% up, shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source. The original design was by Robert Mills, but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds, proceeding only with a bare obelisk. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7, 1880; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885; and officially opened October 9, 1888.
The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian style stone obelisk with a 500-foot (152.4 m) tall column and a 55-foot (16.8 m) tall pyramidion. Its walls are 15 feet (4.6 m) thick at its base and 1 1⁄2feet (0.46 m) thick at their top. The marble pyramidion has thin walls only 7 inches (18 cm) thick supported by six arches, two between opposite walls that cross at the center of the pyramidion and four smaller corner arches. The top of the pyramidion is a large marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex with inscriptions on all four sides. The lowest 150 feet (45.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the first phase 1848–1854, are composed of a pile of bluestone gneiss rubble stones (not finished stones) held together by a large amount of mortar with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about 1 1⁄4 feet (0.4 m) thick. The upper 350 feet (106.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the second phase 1880–1884, are composed of finished marble surface stones, half of which project into the walls, partially backed by finished granite stones.
The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls, with an elevator in the center, each supported by four iron columns, which do not support the stone structure. The stairs contain fifty sections, most on the north and south walls, with many long landings stretching between them along the east and west walls. These landings allowed many inscribed memorial stones of various materials and sizes to be easily viewed while the stairs were accessible (until 1976), plus one memorial stone between stairs that is difficult to view. The pyramidion has eight observation windows, two per side, and eight red aircraft warning lights, two per side. Two aluminum lightning rods connected via the elevator support columns to ground water protect the monument. The monument’s present foundation is 37 feet (11.3 m) thick, consisting of half of its original bluestone gneiss rubble encased in concrete. At the northeast corner of the foundation, 21 feet (6.4 m) below ground, is the marble cornerstone, including a zinc case filled with memorabilia. Fifty American flags fly 24 hours a day on a large circle of flag poles centered on the monument. In 2001, a temporary screening facility was added to the entrance to prevent a terrorist attack. In 2011, an earthquake slightly damaged the monument, mostly the pyramidion
華盛頓紀念碑是華盛頓特區國家商場上的一個方尖碑, 是為紀念曾經是大陸軍總司令、美國首任總統的喬治·華盛頓而建造的。這座紀念碑幾乎位於反射池和林肯紀念堂的東面, 由大理石、花崗岩和藍石片麻岩製成, 既是世界上最高的石材結構, 也是世界上最高的方尖碑, 高554英尺 7 11⁄32 英寸 (169.046 米) 高, 根據國家大地測量測量 (測量 2013-14) 或555英, 尺 5 1⁄8 英寸 (169.294 米) 高根據國家公園管理局 (測量 1884)。如果所有的人都在行人入口上方測量, 它是世界上最高的巨大柱子。從 1884年到1889年, 它被巴黎的埃菲爾鐵塔超越, 是世界上最高的建築。
紀念碑的建造始于 1848年, 由於缺乏資金、爭奪華盛頓國家紀念碑協會的控制權以及美國內戰的干預, 紀念碑于1854年至1877年停止。雖然石頭結構于1884年完成, 但內部鐵器、小丘和其他最後的裝飾直到1888年才完成。大理石的遮陽差異, 能見度約為150英尺 (46 米) 或 27%, 顯示了建築停止的地方, 後來又從不同的來源恢復了大理石。最初的設計是羅伯特·米爾斯設計的, 但由於缺乏資金, 他不包括他提出的柱廊, 只進行了一個裸露的方尖碑。基石定在 1848年7月4日;1880年8月7日, 第一塊石頭被放置在未完工的樹樁上;頂石設置在 1884年12月6日;已建成的紀念碑于1885年2月21日落成;1888年10月9日正式開業。
華盛頓紀念碑是一個中空的埃及風格的石方尖碑, 有一個500英尺 (152.4 米) 高的柱子和一個55英尺 (16.8 米) 高的金字塔。它的牆壁底部有15英尺 (4.6 米) 厚, 1 1⁄2英尺 (0.46 米) 厚在他們的頂部。大理石金字塔有薄薄的牆壁只有7英寸 (18 釐米) 厚, 由六個拱門支撐, 兩個在對面的牆壁之間交叉在金字塔的中心和四個較小的角落拱門。金字塔的頂部是一個大大理石頂石與一個小鋁金字塔在其頂點與銘文的所有四個方面。在1848-1854年第一階段建造的牆壁最低150英尺 (45.7 米), 由一堆藍石片石 (不是成品石) 組成, 由大量砂漿與大約1面半成品大理石石固定在一起1 1⁄4 英尺 (0.4 米) 厚。在1880年至1884年第二階段建造的高350英尺 (106.7 米) 的牆壁由成品大理石表面的石頭組成, 其中一半投射到牆壁上, 部分由完成的花崗岩石頭支撐。
內部由螺旋的鐵臺階佔領牆壁, 與電梯在中心, 每個由四根鐵專欄支援, 不支援石頭結構。樓梯有50個路段, 大部分位於南北城牆上, 許多長時間的降落沿著東牆和西牆延伸。這些登陸使許多刻有各種材料和大小的紀念石在樓梯可進入時 (直到 1976年) 容易被看到, 再加上樓梯之間難以看到的一塊紀念石。金字塔有8個觀察視窗, 每邊 2個, 每側2個紅色飛機警示燈。兩個鋁避雷針通過電梯支撐柱連接到地下水保護紀念碑。紀念碑目前的地基厚37英尺 (11.3 米), 由一半的原始藍石格雷斯瓦礫包裹在混凝土中。在地基的東北角, 地下21英尺 (6.4 米) 是大理石的基石, 包括一個充滿紀念品的鋅盒。50面美國國旗每天24小時在以紀念碑為中心的一大圈旗杆上飄揚。2001年, 在入口處增加了一個臨時甄別設施, 以防止恐怖襲擊。2 0 1 1年, 一場地震輕微損壞了紀念碑, 大多是金字塔。
Washington Monument
From：CORPSCONNECTION
Official Washington Monument Restoration Time-Lapse
From：EarthCam
Don’t you think it’s addictive?
Want to know more about the beauty of architecture?
Come and join our members to explore the beauty of architectural design.
覺得看得不過癮嗎？
想要知道更多建築之美嗎？
快來加入我們的會員，一同探索建築設計之美。
The above article is purely for appreciation and sharing purposes, as well as the construction of new technology and the public can be in-depth understanding of the information at the same time there are sources, will be able to query, no use of the document as a commercial transaction, if illegal, please inform the We will immediately remove the site, thank you for cooperation.
以上文章純粹作為欣賞及分享用途，以及將建築新型技術傳遞給與大眾能夠深入了解，同時資料還有來源，將可查詢，絕無使用該文件資料作為商業交易行為，如有違法請務必告知該網站我們將立即處理撤除，謝謝合作。
