The Rome Colosseum 羅馬競技場

The Rome Colosseum 羅馬競技場

The Colosseum or Coliseum (/kɒləˈsiːəm/ kol-ə-SEE-əm), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [aŋfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo] or Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name (Flavius).

羅馬競技場(義大利語:Colosseo,英語:Colosseum,又譯作羅馬鬥獸場、羅馬大角鬥場、羅馬圓形競技場、科洛西姆或哥羅塞姆;原名弗萊文圓形劇場,拉丁語:Anfiteatro Flavio / Amphitheatrvm falvvm)是古羅馬時期最大的圓形角鬥場,建於公元72年-82年間,現僅存遺蹟位於現今義大利羅馬市的中心。羅馬競技場是卵形的圓形劇場,也是目前最大的圓形劇場,使用材料包括洞石、凝灰岩及磚飾面的混凝土

The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles(for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

羅馬競技場估計可以容納五萬至八萬名觀眾,平均觀眾約六萬五千人。羅馬競技場用來進行角鬥士的比賽、海戰表演(不過只有短暫的時間,後來鬥獸場地下室就開始安裝其他的設備了)、處決、重要戰役的歷史重演、以及演出以羅馬神話為基礎的戲劇。在中世紀前期已不再將羅馬競技場用在娛樂用途,後來用作住宅、工作坊、聖職人員宿舍、防禦工事、採石場以及基督教聖地等用途。

Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit “Way of the Cross” procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.

羅馬競技場中有部份因為地震以及盜石賊的破壞而受損,不過仍然是羅馬帝國的代表性建築物。羅馬競技場是羅馬著名的旅遊景點之一,也和天主教教會有關,教宗在每年聖週五帶領的苦路遊行都會從羅馬競技場附近開始。義大利版本的5歐分硬幣上面就是以羅馬競技場為主題。羅馬競技場也列名在中古世界七大奇蹟及世界新七大奇蹟中。1980年,羅馬競技場以羅馬歷史中心,該城中享有治外法權的教廷房地產和城外聖保祿大殿之名被聯合國教科文組織列入世界文化遺產。

Location: Regio IV Templum Pacis (“Temple of Peace”)

Built in: 70–80 AD

Built by/for: Vespasian, Titus

Type of structure: Amphitheatre

Related: List of ancient monuments in Rome

位置: 義大利羅馬

建造時間: 約西元70–80年

建造者: 維斯帕先、提圖斯

建築類型: 圓形競技場

相關條目: 羅馬古代遺跡名單




Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatresback to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 24,000 square metres (6 acres). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) of travertine stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

外觀

羅馬競技場的原始外觀

與之前建在山坡上的希臘劇院不同,羅馬競技場是一個完全獨立的結構。它從兩個羅馬劇院背靠背衍生出基本的外部和內部建築。它是橢圓形的,長189米(615英尺/ 640羅馬英尺),寬156米(510英尺/ 528羅馬英尺),基地面積24,000平方米(6英畝)。外牆的高度為48米(157英尺/ 165羅馬英尺)。周長最初為545米(1,788英尺/ 1,835羅馬英尺)。中央競技場是一個長87米(287英尺),寬55米(180英尺)的橢圓形,周圍是一個5米(15英尺)高的牆,上面是玫瑰花的座位。

據估計,外牆需要超過100,000立方米(3,531,467立方英尺)的石灰華石,沒有砂漿;它們由300噸鐵夾固定在一起。然而,幾個世紀以來,它遭受了廣泛的破壞,大部分地區在地震後坍塌。圍牆的北側仍然是站立的;兩端獨特的三角形磚楔是現代化的附加物,建於19世紀初,用於支撐牆壁。競技場現在的外部其餘部分實際上是原始的內牆。

The surviving part of the outer wall’s monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters. Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center. It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.

羅馬競技場的外觀,顯示部分完整的外牆(左)和大致完整的內牆(中間和右側)

外牆的紀念性立面的倖存部分包括三層疊加的拱廊,頂部是一個高聳的閣樓,兩個窗戶都被定期穿插的窗戶刺穿。拱廊由多立克,愛奧尼亞和科林斯的半柱組成,而閣樓則用科林斯壁柱裝飾。位於二樓和三樓拱廊的每個拱門都有框架雕像,可能是為了紀念古典神話中的神靈和其他人物。

在閣樓的頂部周圍放置了二百四十個桅杆。他們最初支持一個可伸縮的遮陽篷,稱為日光浴室,可以遮擋陽光和雨水。這包括由繩索製成的帆布覆蓋的網狀結構,中心有一個洞。它覆蓋了競技場的三分之二,並向中心傾斜,以迎風,為觀眾提供微風。水手,特別是來自Misenum的羅馬海軍總部並被安置在附近的Castra Misenatium,被用來操作這些運動員。

The Colosseum’s huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) survive.

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

進入羅馬競技場的LII,羅馬數字仍然可見

競技場龐大的人群容量使得場地可以快速填滿或撤離至關重要。它的建築師採用的解決方案與現代體育場館中使用的解決方案非常相似,可以解決同樣的問題。圓形劇場由80個地面入口環繞,其中76個被普通觀眾使用。每個入口和出口都有編號,每個樓梯也是如此。北部的主要入口是為羅馬皇帝及其助手預留的,而其他三個軸向入口最有可能被精英使用。所有四個軸向入口都裝飾著彩繪的灰泥浮雕,其碎片能夠存活下來。許多原始的外部入口隨著周邊牆壁的坍塌而消失,但是入口XXIII(23)到LIV(54)仍然存在。

觀眾以編號的陶器碎片的形式獲得門票,這些碎片將它們引導到適當的部分和行。他們通過vomitoria(單一的vomitorium)進入座位,這些通道從下方或後方通向一排座位。這些人迅速將人們分散到他們的座位上,在事件結束或緊急撤離時,他們可以在幾分鐘內退出。名稱vomitoria來源於拉丁語中的快速放電,英語來源於嘔吐。

 

From:Rome, Italy: The Colosseum – YouTube

 From:2018 Visit the Roman Colosseum HD – YouTube

 From:Colosseum Building Blocks | NOVA – YouTube

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