The Burj Khalifa 哈里發塔

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa

Official Name Burj Khalifa
Other Names Burj Dubai
Structure Type Building
Status Completed
Country United Arab Emirates
City Dubai
Street Address & Map 1 Emaar Boulevard
Building Function office / residential / hotel
Structural Material steel/concrete
Proposed 2003
Construction Start 2004
Completion 2010
Official Website Burj Khalifa
Rankings Click arrows to view the next taller/shorter buildings
Global Ranking #1 Tallest in the World
Regional Ranking #1 Tallest in Middle East
National Ranking #1 Tallest in United Arab Emirates
City Ranking #1 Tallest in Dubai
Companies Involved
Owner/Developer Emaar Properties

Architect
Design Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Architect of Record Hyder Consulting
Structural Engineer
Design Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Engineer of Record Hyder Consulting
MEP Engineer
Design Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Project Manager Turner International LLC
Main Contractor Samsung C&T Corporation; Arabtec; Besix
Other Consultant
Building Monitoring Kinemetrics Inc.
Civil Hyder Consulting
Façade Far East Aluminum Works Co., Ltd.; ALT Limited

Façade Maintenance Lerch Bates
Fire Rolf Jensen & Associates
Geotechnical Hyder Consulting
Interiors Hirsch Bedner Associates
Landscape SWA Group
Lighting Fisher Marantz Stone
Parking Walker Parking Consultants
Vertical Transportation Lerch Bates
Wind RWDI

Material Supplier
Cladding JORDAHL; HALFEN; Al Ghurair
Elevator Otis Elevator Company
Façade Maintenance Equipment CoxGomyl
Fire Proofing Hilti AG
Sealants Dow Corning Corporation
Steel ArcelorMittal

官方名稱哈利法塔
其他名稱迪拜塔
結構型建築
狀態已完成
國家阿拉伯聯合酋長國
城市迪拜
街道地址和地圖1 Emaar Boulevard
建築功能辦公室/住宅/酒店
結構材料鋼/混凝土
建議2003
施工從2004年開始
完成2010
官方網站Burj Khalifa
排名點擊箭頭查看下一個較高/較短的建築物
全球排名＃1在世界最高
區域排名第1位在中東最高
國家排名在阿拉伯聯合酋長國最高
城市排名＃1在迪拜最高
涉及的公司
業主/開發商Emaar Properties

建築師
設計Skidmore，Owings＆Merrill LLP
記錄海德諮詢建築師
結構工程師
設計Skidmore，Owings＆Merrill LLP
記錄Hyder諮詢工程師
環保部工程師
設計Skidmore，Owings＆Merrill LLP
特納國際有限公司項目經理
主承包商三星C＆T公司; ARABTEC; BESIX
其他顧問
建築監控Kinemetrics Inc.
民用海員諮詢
遠東鋁廠有限公司ALT有限公司

外牆維護Lerch Bates
火Rolf Jensen＆Associates
岩土海員諮詢
內飾Hirsch Bedner Associates
景觀SWA集團
照明費舍爾Marantz石頭
泊車步行者停車顧問
垂直運輸Lerch Bates
風RWDI

材料供應商
熔覆JORDAHL;哈芬;阿爾古爾
奧的斯電梯公司
外牆維修設備CoxGomyl
防火Hilti AG
密封膠道康寧公司
安賽樂米塔爾鋼鐵

The Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة‎‎, Arabic for “Khalifa Tower”; pronounced English: /ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə/), known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft) and a roof height (excluding antenna) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa is the tallest structure in the world since topping out in late 2008.

Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to construct the building is reportedly based on the government’s decision to diversify from an oil-based economy, and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was originally named Burj Dubai but was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan[3]; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts. The building broke numerous height records, including its designation as the tallest tower in the world.

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center. Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa’s central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings.  The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai’s hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.

Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. However, labour issues during construction were controversial, since the building was built primarily by migrant workers from South Asia with several allegations of mistreatment. Poor working conditions were common, a consequence of the lack of minimum wage laws in the United Arab Emirates. Several instances of suicides have been reported, which is not uncommon for migrant construction workers in Dubai despite safety precautions in place.

Burj Khalifa（阿拉伯語：برجخليفة，阿拉伯語為“哈利法塔”;發音為英語：/bɜːrdʒkəliːfə/），在其就職之前被稱為迪拜塔，是阿拉伯聯合酋長國迪拜的一個兆瓦摩天大樓。總高度829.8米（2,722英尺），屋頂高度（不包括天線）為828米（2,717英尺），哈吉法塔是世界上最高的結構，自2008年年底以來最高。

塔利哈利法塔的建設始於2004年，外部在2009年五年後完成。主要結構是鋼筋混凝土。該建築於2010年開放，作為迪拜市中心的新發展的一部分。它被設計為大規模，綜合利用發展的核心。據報，該建築物的決定是基於政府決定從石油經濟多元化，並為迪拜獲得國際承認。這座建築最初被命名為迪拜塔，但更名為阿布扎比統治者和阿拉伯聯合酋長國總統哈利法·本·扎耶德·納哈揚[3]。阿聯酋和阿聯酋政府借貸迪拜錢來償還債務。該建築物打破了許多高度記錄，其中包括它被稱為世界上最高的塔。

哈利法塔是由阿德里安·史密斯（Adrian Smith）設計的，後者是Skidmore，Owings＆Merrill（SOM），他的公司設計了威利斯大廈和世界貿易中心。 Hyder Consulting被選為NORR Group Consultants International Limited的監理工程師，負責監督項目的架構。這個設計源自該地區的伊斯蘭建築，如薩馬拉大清真寺。 Y型三方地板幾何設計旨在優化住宅和酒店空間。用於支撐建築物的高度的中心核心和機翼。雖然這個設計源自塔宮III，但哈利法塔的中心核心都是所有的垂直運輸，除了在每個翼內的出口樓梯外。該結構還具有一個覆蓋系統，可以抵禦迪拜炎熱的夏季氣候。共有57部電梯和8台自動扶梯。

哈利法塔對喀麥隆的關鍵接待一直是積極的，這座建築已經獲得了許多獎項。但是，施工期間的勞工問題是有爭議的，因為這個建築主要是來自南亞的農民工，有幾個虐待的指控。糟糕的工作條件是普遍的，這是阿拉伯聯合酋長國缺乏最低工資法律的結果。據報導，自殺事件已有幾次，儘管已採取安全防範措施，但在迪拜的移民建築工人並不少見。

DUBAI REPORTAGE SUR BURJ KHALIFA

Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government’s decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, it is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. “He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational,” said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties. The tower was known as Burj Dubai (“Dubai Tower”) until its official opening in January 2010. It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of USD so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects. In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from an economic crisis in 2007–2010, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned

哈里發公司被設計為大型綜合開發項目的核心部分，其中包括3萬套住宅，9家酒店（包括迪拜地址市），3公頃（7.4英畝）的公園，至少19棟住宅樓，迪拜購物中心和12公頃（30英畝）的人造哈利法塔湖。據稱，建立哈利法塔的決定是基於政府決定從石油經濟多元化到以服務和旅遊為主的經濟。據官員介紹，哈薩克斯坦建築工程有必要在城市建設，以獲得更多的國際認可，從而進行投資。 “他（謝赫·穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒馬克圖姆）希望將迪拜置於地圖上，這是一個非常聳人聽聞的事情，”Nakheel Properties旅遊和貴賓代表處行政長官約奎森（Jacqui Josephson）說。該塔被稱為迪拜塔（迪拜塔），直到2010年1月正式開放。更名為阿布扎比統治者和阿拉伯聯合酋長國總統哈利法·本·扎耶德·納哈揚;阿聯酋和阿聯酋聯邦政府借用了迪拜數百億美元，以便迪拜可以償還債務 – 迪拜借款至少800億美元用於建築項目。二十世紀二十年代，迪拜開始實現經濟多元化，但由於2007 – 2010年經濟危機，迪拜已經在建設中放棄了大型項目

Milestones

Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010
January 2004: Excavation commences.
February 2004: Piling starts.
21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.
March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.
June 2006: Level 50 is reached.
February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.
21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world’s tallest building, and level 141 reached.
12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).
12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world’s tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.
7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made structure, level 160 reached.
17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa’s height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[38] 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.
17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).
1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[106] 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa’s official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.
10 March 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) certifies Burj Khalifa as world’s tallest building.

迪拜塔哈吉勒和迪拜的天際線
2004年1月：挖掘開始。
2004年2月：打樁開始。
2004年9月21日：Emaar承包商開始施工。
2005年3月：哈利法塔哈的結構開始上升
2006年6月：達到50級。
2007年2月：超過西爾斯大廈作為樓層最大的建築物。
2007年5月13日：在452米（1,483英尺）的任何建築物上設立垂直混凝土泵送記錄，超過了在台北101期間抽採混凝土的449.2米（1,474英尺），而哈利法塔達到了130層。 31] [100] 2007年7月21日：超過台北101，高達509.2米（1,671英尺），是世界最高的建築，達到141級。
2007年8月12日：超過了西爾斯塔天線，總長527米（1,729英尺）。
2007年9月12日：555.3米（1822英尺），成為世界上最高的獨立建築，超過多倫多的加拿大國家電視塔，達到150級。
2008年4月7日：629米（2,064英尺），超過KVLY電視桅杆，成為最高的人造結構，達到160級
2008年6月17日：埃馬爾宣布，哈利法塔的身高超過636米（2,087英尺），最終的高度將不會在2009年9月完成之前提供。
2008年9月1日：身高688米（2,257英尺），是歷史上最高的人造建築，超過了以前的記錄，波蘭康斯坦丁諾華沙廣播桅杆。
2009年1月17日：上升到829.8米（2,722英尺）[105] 2009年10月1日：Emaar宣佈建築物的外觀已經完成[106] 2010年1月4日：哈里發哈薩克斯坦正式啟動儀式，哈利法哈開放。迪拜塔樓更名為哈利法塔，以紀念阿聯酋總統和阿布扎比統治者謝赫哈利法·本·扎耶德·納哈揚。
2010年3月10日高層建築和城市人居委員會（CTBUH）證實哈利法塔是世界上最高的建築。

BURJ KHALIFA INAUGURATION VIDEO

From:Khalil Ladki

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